上海的文革大武鬥 / The Major Factional Struggles in Shanghai During the Cultural Revolution

毛發動“文革”最早是利用他在上的海親信搞批判京劇《海瑞罷官》開始，接著用他至高無上的權威在北京動員涉世不深、血氣方剛、感情用事的青少年“紅衛兵”起先造反，“炮打司令部”。毛動用國庫讓紅衛兵免 费“革命串聯”把北京造反、奪權、武鬥之火在全國“燎原”。後來毛有意把文革的熱點轉移到上海等大城市，利用青少年的狂熱造勢，成事還得靠廣大工人，後來文革進入奪權階段重點放在上海。毛有意提出“上海一月革命風暴”的概念，為“上海幫”即“四人幫”控制全國文革局面奠定基礎。其實一月前後上海造反派搞“炮打張春橋”，被中央鎮壓下去了，這次奪權被否定了。後來由張春橋策動、王洪文出面進行奪權，因毛此前宣揚要進行“巴黎公社”式奪權，稱北京大學聶元梓的大字報是“北京公社”的宣言，奪權後而成立的臨時權力機構叫“上海人民公社”。可是毛立即不再提“巴黎公社”，他要“上海人民公社”改稱“上海市革命委員會”。群眾深信以為將來會有“巴黎公社”式選舉的新政權才拼命為之奪權、武鬥。上海群眾組織為奪權進行的大小武鬥無數，其中的大武鬥都與毛後來提拔為中共中央副主席的王洪文有關，著名的有“安亭事件”、“康平路事件”、20多萬人攻打上海柴油機廠的事件，等等。<br> Mao launched the “Cultural Revolution” by first using his trusted associates in Shanghai to criticize the Peking Opera Hai Rui Dismissed from Office, then using his supreme authority to mobilize inexperienced, hot-blooded, and emotionally driven young “Red Guards” in Beijing to rebel first and “bombard the headquarters.” Mao used state funds to allow Red Guards to travel for free on “revolutionary networking,” spreading the fire of rebellion, power seizure, and armed struggle from Beijing across the entire country. Later, Mao deliberately shifted the focus of the Cultural Revolution to big cities such as Shanghai, using the frenzy of young people to create momentum while relying on the broad masses of workers to accomplish the task. When the Cultural Revolution entered the power-seizure stage, the focus was placed on Shanghai. Mao deliberately put forward the concept of the “January Revolutionary Storm in Shanghai,” laying the foundation for the “Shanghai Gang” (the Gang of Four) to control the national Cultural Revolution situation. In reality, the Shanghai rebels’ “bombard Zhang Chunqiao” action before and after January was suppressed by the Central Committee, and that power seizure was negated. Later, Zhang Chunqiao orchestrated and Wang Hongwen carried out the power seizure. Because Mao had previously promoted “Paris Commune-style power seizure” and called Nie Yuanzi’s big-character poster from Peking University the “declaration of the Beijing Commune,” the temporary power organ established after the seizure was called the “Shanghai People’s Commune.” However, Mao immediately stopped mentioning the “Paris Commune” and ordered the “Shanghai People’s Commune” to be renamed the “Shanghai Municipal Revolutionary Committee.” The masses firmly believed that a new regime with “Paris Commune-style elections” would emerge in the future and therefore fought desperately for power seizure and armed struggle. The Shanghai mass organizations engaged in countless large and small armed struggles for power seizure; the major ones were all related to Wang Hongwen, whom Mao later promoted to Vice Chairman of the CCP Central Committee. Famous examples include the “Anting Incident,” the “Kangping Road Incident,” and the event in which more than 200,000 people attacked the Shanghai Diesel Engine Factory, among others.<br>