北京的文革大武鬥 / The Major Factional Struggles in Beijing During the Cultural Revolution

北京文革大武鬥的興起、高潮與平息，與毛澤東的政策意圖（例如他對北京大學聶元梓和清華大學蒯大富等紅衛兵頭目的前後不同的態度等等）是緊密相關聯的。這裡所說的武鬥，不是指“革命群眾”批鬥“走資派”、“資產階級學術權威”和“黑五類（地、富、反、壞、右）分子”時的毆打、打殘、打死的現象，而是指紅衛兵造反派兩大派別群眾組織之間的，兩派都自稱為“保衛毛主席”而進行的你死我活的大規模武鬥。中國文革大武鬥的源頭是北京，紅衛兵的“革命大串聯”把北京文革武鬥的星火散播到全國各地燎原。文革時任北京市長吳德的回憶錄說：“北京市是在1967年春開始武鬥的，那時武鬥死亡最多的一天，根據火葬場的統計是七十多人。”1967年下半年，毛澤東號召“武裝左派”、江青大肆鼓吹“文攻武衛”，全國的兩派群眾造反組織之間的大武鬥，甚至搶奪軍隊的槍支彈藥用於大武鬥，形成高潮。北京大武鬥的結束是在毛澤東對文革策略大轉移、在重新依靠軍隊、重提“工人階級領導一切”、徹底拋棄紅衛兵造反派等一系列措施實施之後。<br>學校作為大武鬥戰場，是中國文革的特點。北京市武鬥最厲害的要數清華大學。另外，北京大學和其他各類學校，例如北京六中等許多中學，都發生了大武鬥並且有打死人的事件。<br>1980年代初，曾經有學校組織學生到兒童醫院對面的北京市建工局辦公樓裡參觀文革武鬥現場，可是這種尊重歷史事實的優良精神後來被拋棄了。北京有很多大武鬥根本沒有留下記錄。特別是幾十年之後，資料更少了。本書以艱難收集到的老照片、報紙、書刊、宣傳畫等 原始資料，經過修復整理、局部拼湊，再現當年北京文革中兩派造反群眾組織之間大武鬥的情況。<br>The Rise, Peak, and Suppression of Major Armed Factional Struggles in Beijing During the Cultural Revolution, and Their Close Connection with Mao Zedong’s Policy Intentions (for example, his shifting attitudes toward Nie Yuanzi of Peking University and Kuai Dafu of Tsinghua University, and other Red Guard leaders). The armed struggles referred to here are not the beatings, maimings, or killings carried out by “revolutionary masses” against “capitalist roaders,” “bourgeois academic authorities,” or “black five categories” (landlords, rich peasants, counter-revolutionaries, bad elements, and rightists). Instead, they refer to the large-scale, life-and-death armed clashes between the two major factions of Red Guard rebel mass organizations—both sides claiming to be “defending Chairman Mao.”<br>Beijing was the origin of China’s nationwide Cultural Revolution armed struggles. The Red Guards’ “great revolutionary networking” (大串聯) spread the sparks of Beijing’s factional fighting across the country, turning them into a raging fire. In his memoir, Wu De, then mayor of Beijing, recalled: “Armed struggles in Beijing began in the spring of 1967. On the single day with the highest death toll, the crematorium recorded more than seventy bodies.”<br>In the second half of 1967, Mao Zedong called for “arming the leftists,” and Jiang Qing loudly promoted the slogan “attack with the pen and defend with the sword.” Nationwide, the two rival rebel factions engaged in massive armed clashes, even seizing guns and ammunition from the army and local military departments. This marked the peak of the fighting. Beijing’s armed struggles only ended after Mao dramatically shifted his Cultural Revolution strategy: he once again relied on the army, re-emphasized “the working class must lead everything,” and completely abandoned the Red Guard rebel factions.<br>Schools becoming battlefields was a distinctive feature of China’s Cultural Revolution. The most intense fighting in Beijing took place at Tsinghua University. In addition, Peking University and many other schools—including Beijing No. 6 Middle School and numerous secondary schools—also experienced large-scale armed clashes with fatalities.<br>In the early 1980s, some schools once organized students to visit the actual Cultural Revolution fighting sites inside the Beijing Municipal Construction Bureau building (opposite the Children’s Hospital). However, this admirable spirit of respecting historical facts was later abandoned. Many of Beijing’s major armed struggles left no records at all. Decades later, even fewer materials remain.<br>This book uses painstakingly collected original materials—old photographs, newspapers, books, and propaganda posters—restored, repaired, and locally pieced together to recreate the large-scale armed struggles between the two rival rebel mass organizations in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution.<br>