山西的文革大武鬥 / The Major Factional Struggles in Shanxi During the Cultural Revolution

毛在1966年初就看中了山西副省長劉格平，要他把握山西局面。1966年11月，劉格平給毛和林彪寫信說薄一波、安子文等人早年是中共“叛徒”，推動了全國造反派抓叛徒的運動。後來造反派圍繞“工作組”和“誰是走資派”等鬧分裂，圍繞奪權和成立革委會的權力分配等兩派進行你死我活的大武鬥。毛對劉格平和張日清（省軍區政委）等人的前後態度不同影响山西的文革武斗。“昔陽縣革命造反總指揮部”總指揮陳永貴和太原工人造反派頭頭楊成效，共同指揮了一系列奪權武鬥，被報刊宣傳為“毛主席的好學生陳永貴”和“革命闖將楊成效”，都成為省革委會負責人。後來劉格平倒臺，楊成效於1970年被判處死刑，但陳永貴雖然查出在抗日時期有漢奸行為，卻被毛不斷提拔官至國務院副總理。在這些大武鬥中，長治地區的大武鬥戰役可能還不算是最悲壯的。長治軍分區和當地空軍駐軍分別支持不同的兩派群眾造反組織，打到到交通全部斷絕，空軍提供“空中走廊”支援一派守城；軍分區集中各縣民兵組成“剿匪兵團”，打開軍火庫武裝數萬民兵，由軍分區長官指揮攻城戰。在攻克一座煤礦的激戰中，僅守方當即陣亡二百多人，數百人負傷，而守方曾在一次交戰中將參戰的現役官兵十二個連外帶四個班全部繳械、俘虜。參戰雙方死傷不計其數。<br>Mao had taken notice of Shanxi Vice Governor Liu Geping as early as early 1966 and wanted him to control the situation in Shanxi. In November 1966, Liu Geping wrote to Mao and Lin Biao claiming that Bo Yibo, An Ziwen, and others had been “traitors” to the CCP in their early years, thereby fueling the nationwide rebel movement to “catch traitors.” Later, the rebels split over issues such as “work teams” and “who are the capitalist roaders,” and the two factions engaged in life-and-death armed struggles over power seizure and the formation of Revolutionary Committees. Mao’s changing attitudes toward Liu Geping, Zhang Richun (political commissar of the provincial military region), and others directly influenced the armed struggles in Shanxi. Chen Yonggui, commander of the “Xiyang County Revolutionary Rebel Headquarters,” and Yang Chengxiao, a Taiyuan worker rebel leader, jointly directed a series of power-seizure armed struggles. They were publicized in the press as “Chairman Mao’s good student Chen Yonggui” and “revolutionary pathbreaker Yang Chengxiao” and both became leaders of the provincial Revolutionary Committee. Later Liu Geping fell from power and Yang Chengxiao was sentenced to death in 1970, but although Chen Yonggui was found to have collaborated with the Japanese during the War of Resistance, Mao continued to promote him all the way to Vice Premier of the State Council. Among these large-scale armed struggles, the battles in the Changzhi region may not have been the most tragic. The Changzhi Military Sub-region and local air force units supported different rebel factions. Traffic was completely cut off; the air force provided an “air corridor” to support one side’s defense of the city, while the military sub-region concentrated militia from various counties to form an “anti-bandit corps,” opened arsenals to arm tens of thousands of militiamen, and directed the city-assault battle under the command of the sub-region commander. In the fierce battle to capture a coal mine, the defending side alone suffered more than 200 immediate deaths and hundreds wounded. In one engagement, the defending side disarmed and captured an entire twelve-company force of active-duty soldiers plus four additional squads. Casualties on both sides were countless.<br>