天津的文革大武鬥 / The Major Factional Struggles in Tianjin During the Cultural Revolution

1966年9月，天津市委書記萬曉塘在批鬥中去世。經陶鑄批准官方發佈他的死訊對他評價高，約50萬人參加了追悼會。毛批示：“這實際上是向黨示威，這是用死人壓活人。”此推動了全國“炮打司令部”“火燒省、市委”“打倒劉、鄧、陶”運動。1967年1月，中央宣佈天津由河北省轄改為直轄市，天津造反派相互武鬥的關係很複雜，各有其中央的後臺。1967年3月，毛要全國學習天津延安中學軍訓的做法，實行鬥、批、改。但天津和全國的武鬥形成高潮，此“偉大部署”成了一個鬧劇而結束。康生和江青在天津發起“抓叛徒”運動，兩派紅衛兵都爭先恐後奔赴各地收集材料、不遺餘力以此在中央文革面前爭寵討功。全國紅衛兵奉命以“叛徒”罪名打倒劉少奇等一批中共元老而製造“61人叛徒集團案”和加害周恩來的“伍豪等脫黨案”等，起了重要作用。1968年江青、陳伯達直接插手天津的奪權，造成動亂，僅市公安局就有1200餘幹警被審查，濫施酷刑，包括公安局長江楓在內被整死44人。天津周邊的所謂“冀東叛徒集團案”，八萬多人受株連，三千人死於非命。文革後最高法院報告：“天津‘一打三反’運動中錯判死刑尤為突出。天津市錯殺的28人中，1970年判處的有22人。”<br>In September 1966, Tianjin Municipal Party Committee Secretary Wan Xiaotang died during struggle sessions. With Tao Zhu’s approval, the official obituary gave him a high evaluation, and approximately 500,000 people attended his memorial service. Mao commented: “This is actually a demonstration against the Party, using the dead to pressure the living.” This greatly accelerated the nationwide “bombard the headquarters,” “burn the provincial and municipal Party committees,” and “down with Liu, Deng, and Tao” movements. In January 1967, the Central Committee announced that Tianjin would change from being under Hebei Province to a directly administered municipality. The relationship between Tianjin’s rebel factions was extremely complicated, each having its own central-level backers. In March 1967, Mao called on the whole country to learn from the military training methods at Tianjin’s Yan’an Middle School and implement “struggle-criticism-transformation.” However, armed struggle in Tianjin and across the country reached its peak, turning this “great deployment” into a farce that ended in failure. Kang Sheng and Jiang Qing launched the “catch the traitors” campaign in Tianjin; both factions of Red Guards rushed to various places to collect materials and spared no effort to curry favor with the Central Cultural Revolution Group. Nationwide Red Guards were ordered to overthrow a group of veteran CCP leaders on charges of “treason,” playing a major role in fabricating cases such as the “61 Traitors Clique” and the “Wu Hao and Others Renouncing Party Membership” case targeting Zhou Enlai. In 1968, Jiang Qing and Chen Boda directly intervened in Tianjin’s power seizure, causing chaos. More than 1,200 public security officers in the municipal Public Security Bureau alone were investigated and subjected to brutal torture; 44 people, including Public Security Bureau Chief Jiang Feng, were beaten to death. The so-called “Eastern Hebei Traitors Clique” case in the areas around Tianjin implicated more than 80,000 people, and 3,000 died. After the Cultural Revolution, the Supreme Court reported: “Wrongful death sentences were particularly prominent during Tianjin’s ‘Strike One, Oppose Three’ campaign. A Supreme Court report after the Cultural Revolution stated: &quot;Wrongful death sentences were particularly prominent during the &#39;One Strike, Three Anti&#39; campaign in Tianjin. Of the 28 people wrongly executed in Tianjin, 22 were wrongly executed in 1970.”<br>