山東的文革大武鬥: The Major Factional Struggles in Shandong During the Cultural Revolution

山東省造反、奪權與大武鬥的興起、高潮、低落、平息等，與王效禹勾結江青和康生，他得到支持和他被拋棄有關。1967年1月造反派奪權和大武鬥形成高潮。接著受到中共中央高層“二月逆流”和“反擊二月逆流”的影響，造反派先是受壓制後來拼命抗爭，大武鬥武鬥不斷，僅青島就有近千名學生被打為“反革命分子”。 1967年2月8日，周恩來傳達毛話說：“二、三、四月是決戰時期……是否真奪權還是假奪權要看是否‘三結合’的，山東的奪權是真奪權。在三結合中第一位重要的是幹部政策。1967年2月23日，造反派對省委成功“奪權”，成立“山東省無產階級革命造反大聯合革命委員會”，中央文革對此新聞報導稿件重寫了數次，終於形成了三件：《給毛主席的致敬電》、《第一號通告》、勝利奪權消息，於2月27日送達毛澤東處，由毛親自審定發稿。山東各地大武鬥激烈化，山東最早奪權成立的青島市革委會“內鬥”厲害產生惡劣影響，造成山東多地一次成立了革委會又被推翻、經歷無數大武鬥又重新奪權反奪權不斷成立新的革委會。王效禹的權力惡性膨脹，他不僅在山東，還對江蘇甚至還對全國的武鬥有一定的影響。但是後來毛調整文革策略又把王效禹拋棄了。瞭解這些背景，才有助於理解山東文革大武鬥的複雜性。<br> In Shandong Province, the rise, peak, decline, and suppression of rebellion, power seizure, and large-scale armed struggle were closely related to Wang Xiaoyu’s collusion with Jiang Qing and Kang Sheng, his period of support, and his eventual abandonment. In January 1967, rebel power seizures and armed struggle reached a climax. Subsequently, influenced by the Central Committee’s “February Adverse Current” and the “counterattack against the February Adverse Current,” the rebels were first suppressed and then fought desperately. Armed struggle continued without end; in Qingdao alone, nearly 1,000 students were labeled “counter-revolutionaries.” On February 8, 1967, Zhou Enlai conveyed Mao’s words: “February, March, and April are the decisive battle periods… Whether power seizure is real or fake depends on whether it is a ‘three-in-one combination.’ Shandong’s power seizure is real. In the three-in-one combination, the most important thing is cadre policy.” On February 23, 1967, the rebels successfully “seized power” from the provincial Party committee and established the “Shandong Province Proletarian Revolutionary Rebel Great Alliance Revolutionary Committee.” The Central Cultural Revolution Group rewrote the press release several times and finally produced three documents: “Telegram of Salute to Chairman Mao,” “No. 1 Announcement,” and the victory power-seizure news. These were sent to Mao on February 27 and personally approved by him for publication. Large-scale armed struggle intensified across Shandong. The “internal struggle” within the Qingdao Municipal Revolutionary Committee—the first to be established in Shandong—had a terrible impact, causing many places in Shandong to establish Revolutionary Committees only to have them overthrown, followed by endless armed struggles and repeated power seizures and counter-seizures to form new committees. Wang Xiaoyu’s power expanded viciously; he influenced not only Shandong but also Jiangsu and even the whole country’s armed struggles. However, Mao later adjusted his Cultural Revolution strategy and abandoned Wang Xiaoyu. Only by understanding this background can one comprehend the complexity of Shandong’s Cultural Revolution armed struggles.<br>