黑龍江的文革大武鬥 / The Major Factional Struggles in Heilongjiang During the Cultural Revolution

與全國的文革大武鬥一樣，毛澤東的反復無常的政策變化導致了黑龍江省文革中持續了幾年反反復複的兩派群眾的大武鬥。1958年大躍進時期，時任河南省委書記的潘複生因“反冒進”受到毛的打擊，後來潘複生學乖了，文革中他在黑龍江省委任職，他緊跟毛主席、並積極回應“造反”“炮打司令部”等號召，支持造反派奪權，又受到毛的重用。黑龍江造反派群眾包括造反派領導幹部潘複生等人，在全國最早回應毛當時要進行“巴黎公社式奪權”的號召，搞了所謂“大聯合”“三結合”成立了“哈爾濱人民公社”。後來毛澤東不准提“巴黎公社式奪權”和“巴黎公社式選舉”，於是奪權後成立的權力機構“哈爾濱人民公社”分別改稱為省和市、縣等各級“革命委員會”，潘複生被封為省黑龍江省革委會主任。但是由於造反派繼續分裂爭權奪利，既得利益少的一派要反奪權，威脅著省革委會；省革委會出面成立“捍衛革命三結合總指揮部（捍聯總）”，擁護此派的群眾組織簡稱“捍聯總”派。而另外一部分造反派頂著省革委給的“反革命逆流”的帽子，因為他們深知此時潘複生是毛澤東支持的重用的，不能明說反對他，就把矛頭指向趙去非，成立“炮轟趙去非聯絡站”，此派即“炮轟派”。趙去非是與潘複生一樣的最早支持造反派的省委老革命幹部因而成為省革委的新當權派。炮轟派與“捍聯總”派進行垂死武鬥，可是毛澤東後來支持炮轟派，炮轟派一時得勢。但是，1968年下半年以後，紅衛兵造反派包括潘複生都被毛徹底拋棄了。<br>全省激烈的奪權大武鬥中最著名的是1967年7-8月黑龍江伊春武鬥事件，伊春市林業局籌備革命委員會，對立的兩大“革命造反派”經過15天協商，雙方均拒不接受在革委會席位上的妥協，又因爭奪財權，矛盾激化，發生衝突，開始搶掠市財政、銀行。地方駐軍奉命參與“支持左派”（支左），反而導致了兩派群眾更加劇烈的武裝對峙。8月2日～8月25日，武鬥升級。37座政府建築物被毀，兩座軍營遭炮彈攻擊，230多名官兵傷亡。在武裝衝突中，有3750多人傷亡，有報導說死亡名單記錄為1944人。這些事實和真相有待資料檔案的解密。<br>齊齊哈爾市檔案館的文獻記載：文革時期，“齊齊哈爾先後有‘二•九奪權’、‘三•一二絕食”、“五•三一軍醫紅聯”、“罕伯岱”等大型武鬥，以及“45號辦”、“05案件”、“90案件”、“哈拉馬案”等一批冤假錯案，造成了無法挽回大損失和後果。據統計，文革期間，共有2381名幹部被批鬥；武鬥和冤假錯案造成268人死於非命。其中直接被打致死的21人，武鬥致死的12人，自殺身亡的198人。同時，工農業生產也遭到嚴重破壞……”<br>In Heilongjiang Province, the rebel masses and rebel leading cadres such as Pan Fusheng were the first in the country to respond to Mao’s call for “Paris Commune-style power seizure.” They formed the so-called “great alliance” and “three-in-one combination” and established the “Harbin People’s Commune.” Later, when Mao no longer allowed references to the “Paris Commune spirit,” they were ordered to rename it as provincial, municipal, and county-level “Revolutionary Committees,” with Pan Fusheng as director of the provincial Revolutionary Committee. Because the rebels continued to split and fight for power, the faction that had gained benefits established the “Headquarters for Defending the Revolutionary Three-in-One Combination,” known as the “Defending Alliance” faction. The opposing faction, however, defied the provincial Revolutionary Committee’s label of “counter-revolutionary adverse current” and launched a counter-seizure of power. Knowing that Pan Fusheng was supported by Mao at the time, they formed the “Bombard Zhao Qunfei (Pan’s deputy) Liaison Station,” which became the “Bombard” faction. Yet Mao later switched to supporting the Bombard faction. This back-and-forth caused endless armed struggle. After the second half of 1968, however, the Red Guard rebels—including Pan Fusheng—were completely abandoned by Mao. During the Yichun armed struggle incident in July–August 1967, rebels looted municipal financial offices and banks. Local garrison troops, ordered to “support the left,” instead intensified the two factions’ armed confrontation. From August 2 to August 25, 37 government buildings were destroyed, two military camps were shelled, and more than 230 officers and soldiers were killed or wounded. In subsequent armed clashes, over 3,750 people were killed or wounded, with reports stating that the death list recorded 1,944 fatalities. These facts and truths await declassification of archival materials. According to statistics from Qiqihar City, 2,381 cadres were struggled against during the Cultural Revolution; armed struggle and unjust cases caused 268 deaths. Among them, 21 were beaten to death, 12 died in armed clashes, and 198 committed suicide. At the same time, industrial and agricultural production suffered severe damage…<br>