寧夏的文革大武鬥 / The Major Factional Struggles in Ningxia During the Cultural Revolution

寧夏回族自治區，成立於1958年10月，是我國最遲建立的省級自治區，面積最小、人口最少，各方面較落後，可是寧夏的文革中的劇烈的造反、奪權、武鬥，不亞于全國其他省區。1966年9月25日開始，銀川“革命造反派”響應領袖號召“炮轟自治區黨委”，發生群眾兩派衝突，此後武鬥不斷。1月27，一派造反組織於1967年1月27日奪了中共寧夏區黨委和區人民委員會的權，但是反奪權的勢力拼命抗爭。1967年下半年毛號召“武裝左派”、江青鼓吹“文攻武衛”後，寧夏形成武鬥高潮。造反派衝擊寧夏軍區、搶奪軍隊槍支彈藥用於大武鬥。繼8月1日發生在銀川市西塔、8月8日發生在永甯縣大觀橋和8月13日發生在吳忠縣城的幾次著名的大規模武鬥之後，8月28日，青銅峽地區兩派群眾爆發大武鬥，黨中央的康生下令軍隊開槍鎮壓，使一派群眾當天死亡104人、傷殘133人。事後，康生還聲言：“這是革命行動”。 “文革”後期的“一打三反”運動中，又出現一股草菅人命、濫殺無辜的歪風。在毛去世、“粉碎四人幫”和“文革”結束之後，最高法院向中央報告：“一九七0年‘一打三反’運動中錯判死刑尤為突出。寧夏錯殺七十人中，一九七0年判處的有六十八人。”<br> The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was established in October 1958 and is the latest provincial-level autonomous region in China, with the smallest area and population and relatively backward in all aspects. Yet the fierce rebellion, power seizure, and armed struggle during the Cultural Revolution in Ningxia were no less intense than in other provinces. Beginning on September 25, 1966, the “revolutionary rebels” in Yinchuan responded to the leader’s call to “bombard the Autonomous Region Party Committee,” leading to clashes between the two mass factions and continuous armed struggle thereafter. On January 27, 1967, one rebel organization seized power from the CCP Ningxia Regional Party Committee and the Regional People’s Committee, but the opposing forces fought desperately to regain it. After Mao called for “arming the leftists” and Jiang Qing promoted “attack with the pen and defend with the sword” in the second half of 1967, armed struggle in Ningxia reached its peak. Rebels attacked the Ningxia Military Region and seized military guns and ammunition for large-scale fighting. Following several famous large-scale armed struggles—on August 1 at the West Pagoda in Yinchuan, on August 8 at the Daguan Bridge in Yongning County, and on August 13 in the city of Wuzhong—on August 28, a major armed clash erupted between the two factions in the Qingtongxia area. Kang Sheng of the Party Central Committee ordered the army to open fire to suppress one faction, resulting in 104 deaths and 133 wounded or disabled that day. Afterward, Kang Sheng even declared: “This was a revolutionary action.” During the later “Strike One, Oppose Three” campaign of the Cultural Revolution, another wave of reckless killing and slaughter of the innocent emerged. After Mao’s death, the “smashing of the Gang of Four,” and the end of the Cultural Revolution, the Supreme Court reported to the Central Committee: “Wrongful death sentences were particularly prominent during the 1970 ‘Strike One, Oppose Three’ campaign. Of the 70 people wrongly executed in Ningxia, 68 were sentenced in 1970.”<br>