The Great Violent Fights in Tsinghua University and Peking University during Cultural Revolution / 清華大學和北京大學的文革大武鬥

毛澤東和江青制定並於1966年5月16日由中共中央通過和發佈了關於開展文革的「中國共產黨中央委員會通知」，即「五·一六通知」；其主要精神是要打倒一批“混進黨內、政府內、軍隊內的走資本主義道路的當權派”。清華大學附屬中學的中學生（多為高幹子弟）在此通知的鼓動下，成立了一個自稱「保衛毛澤東思想紅衛兵」簡稱為「紅衛兵」的幫派組織，首先提出“造反有理”的口號，首先批鬥學校領導和老師、批鬥「地、富、反、壞、右」分子，進行「破四舊」等造反活動。1966年6月1日，毛澤東批准中央人民廣播電臺廣播了北京大學聶元梓等人寫的第一張反對學校黨委和北京市委的大字報，從此點燃了文化大革命的烈火。1966年8月1日毛主席寫信給清華大學附屬中學的同學們，支持他們成立“紅衛兵”組織的革命行動，並且在信中還表揚了北京大學附中學生的造反精神。1966年8月以後毛澤東不惜動用國庫，發動全國青年學生免費乘車、吃飯、住宿的所謂“紅衛兵革命大串聯”，一是讓清華、北大等學校學生到各地去煽風點火，二是讓全國各地學生到清華、北大等學校學習“鬥黑幫”、“鬥走資派、”“破四舊”等“革命經驗”。文革結束前夕的“批林批孔”和“批鄧反右”等政治運動又是北京大學和清華大學“兩校的大批判組（筆名“梁效”）起著興風作浪的重要作用。清華大學是文革紅衛兵和“造反派”組織的發源地，北京大學是造反、奪權的文革烈火的星火燎原地，當然這兩校也都是文革的重災區，校園成為戰場，兩派造反組織挖戰壕、修工事、製造武器和坦克車，進行大規模武鬥，雙方死傷許多人。<br>文革的十年，是中國也是这两校歷史上最黑暗的時期。事情已經過去了半個多世紀，人們淡忘了文革，一些記錄資料消失和損壞，特別是在有人故意掩蓋或者歪曲的條件下，本書以艱難搜集和修復的原始材料，展示當年的一些歷史事實，使讀者能夠自己判斷這些事件的真偽和來龍去脈與前因後果。文革後撥亂反正，中國要實現中華民族偉大復興，两校要建設成為世界一流大學，可是由於眾所周知的原因，根本沒有對此很好反思和總結，不正視这些历史事實是不誠實的態度；這些歷史累贅、思想包袱會成為我們奮發圖強砥礪前行的負擔和障礙，甚至給這些災難的重演留下禍根。一定要總結这些慘痛的歷史教訓，刮骨療毒，發揚中華民族的實事求是，誠實務實、吃苦耐勞，勤奮向上的傳統，一定能國富民強，為人類進步作較大的貢獻。<br>Mao Zedong and Jiang Qing formulated and on May 16, 1966, passed and issued the &quot;Notice of the Central Committee of the CCP&quot; on the launch of the Cultural Revolution, namely the &quot;May 16 Notice&quot;; Its main spirit is to overthrow “a group of capitalist roaders who have infiltrated the party, government, and military”. Encouraged by the spirit of the notice, high school students (mostly descendants of high-ranking CCP officials) at Tsinghua University Affiliated Middle School established a gang organization calling themselves the &quot;Red Guards for Defending Mao Zedong Thought&quot;, simply referred to as &quot;Red Guards&quot;. They first put forward the slogan &quot;Rebellion is reasonable&quot;, first criticized school leaders and teachers, struggled with the elements of &quot;landlords, rich peasants, counter-revolutionary, badmen, and rightists&quot;, and carried out rebellious activities such as &quot;Breaking the Four Olds&quot;. On June 1, 1966, Mao approved the Central People&#39;s Broadcasting Station to broadcast the first large character poster written by Nie Yuanzi and others at Peking University, which opposed the school party committee and the Beijing Municipal Party Committee, igniting the flames of the Cultural Revolution. On August 1, 1966, Mao wrote a letter to the students of Tsinghua University Affiliated Middle School, supporting their revolutionary action of establishing the &quot;Red Guards&quot; organization, and also praising the rebellious spirit of the students of Peking University Affiliated Middle School in the letter. After August 1966, Mao spared no expense in using the national treasury to launch the so-called &quot;Revolutionary Tours&quot; of free transportation, meals, and accommodation for young students across the country. Students from Tsinghua and Peking University and other schools were encouraged to go to various places to stir up trouble, and students from all over the country were encouraged to study revolutionary experiences such as &quot;fighting against black gangs&quot;, &quot;fighting against capitalist roaders&quot;, and &quot;Breaking the Four Olds&quot; in schools of Peking. At the end of the Cultural Revolution, political movements such as &quot;criticizing Lin Biao and Confucius&quot; and &quot;criticizing Deng Xiaoping and opposing the rightists&quot; played an important role in creating trouble by the &quot;Great Criticism Group of Peking and Tsinghua University &quot; (pen name &quot;Liang Xiao&quot;,Chinese means “two schools”).<br>Tsinghua University was the birthplace of the Red Guards and &quot;rebel&quot; organizations of the Cultural Revolution, while Peking University was the starting point of the Cultural Revolution&#39;s flames of rebellion and seizure of power. Of course, both were also heavily affected areas of the Cultural Revolution, their campus became battlefields, and the two factions of rebel organizations dug trenches and built fortifications, manufactured weapons and tanks, and engaged in large-scale armed battles, resulting in many deaths and injuries on both sides. More than half a century has passed, and people have forgotten about the Cultural Revolution. Some recorded data has disappeared and been damaged, especially under conditions where someone deliberately conceals or distorts, this book presents some historical facts of the past through difficult collection and restoration of original materials, such as photos, big character posters, newspapers, and flyers, enabling readers to judge the authenticity, context, and consequences of these events on their own.<br>After the Cultural Revolution, China set things right and rectify the chaos and achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the two Universities must be built into world-class universities. However, due to well-known reasons, there is no good reflection and summary on this, and not facing these historical facts is an dishonest attitude; These historical and ideological burdens will become a burden and obstacle for us to work hard and forge ahead, and even leave a curse for the recurrence of these disasters. We must sum up these painful historical lessons, scrape the bones to cure poison, carry forward the Chinese nation&#39;s tradition of seeking truth from facts, honesty and pragmatism, bearing hardships and standing hard work, and working hard to advance, which will certainly enrich the country and make greater contributions to human progress.<br>